Discussion on medical immunology′s teaching model for innovation ability culti-vation / 中国免疫学杂志

Innovative ability of college students is an important guarantee for building an innovative country which is should be fostered in university and college education.Medical immunology is a basic subject in medicine and biology science′s education,the deeply abstract,highly logical,and quickly updated features make many students difficult to understand,even easy to lose interest.The author shares his own teaching experiences and effective methods on how to stimulate students′ learning passion in immunology,and further cultivate the innovative ability from three separated dimensions which covers creative thoughts inspire,scientific thinking intensify,and theory practice.Hope to offer reference for the teaching of medical immunology ai ming to train innovative students.

The prognostic value of metabolic tumor volume in FDG PET/CT evaluation of post-operative survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer / 中华核医学杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prognostic value of MTV on 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with esophageal cancer.MethodsForty-nine patients with esophageal cancer underwent 18 F-FDG PET/CT scan before surgery.The median follow-up time for the patients was 29 months (range,8- 57 months).The prognostic significance of MTV,age,sex,histologic grade,SUVmax of the primary tumor,tumor size measured on PET/CT,T stage,N stage,M stage,American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage,number and location of lymph nodes metastases were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox model.ResultsIn the univariate analysis,AJCC stage (x2 =16.206,hazard ratio (HR) =1.177,P ＜0.001),N stage (x2 =9.536,HR =10.833,P =0.002),T stage (x2 =5.810,HR=2.397,P=0.016),number of lymph nodes metastases (x2 =11.423,HR =1.567,P =0.001 ),and MTV (x2 =3.872,HR =2.433,P =0.049 ) were significant predictors of survival.Multivariate analysis showed that MTV and AJCC stage were independent predictors of survival (x2 =4.525,HR1.170,P =0.033 ;X2=4.875,HR =3.071,P =0.027).Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed longer survival time of low-MTV group as compared to high-MTV group ( Log-rank,x2 =4.186,P =0.041 ).ConclusionMTV on 18 F-FDG PET/CT may be an independent prognostic factor in patients with esophageal cancer.

A test of screening to predict lung cancer among dust-exposed tin miners with sputum imaging cytometry / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate efficacy of sputum imaging cytometry in early diagnosis on lung cancer among tin miners exposed to dust and analyze possible risk factors related to lung cancer among tin miners.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From a cohort of tin miners in Guangxi Province, a total of 345 male tin miners higher than 45 years old and with high exposure to crystalline silica dust were randomly selected as the objects. Imaging cytometry was used to implement the sputum analysis for the screening on lung cancer according to the experience diagnostic standard. All objects were then followed up to the end of 2006. Clinical diagnosis of lung cancer was used as the golden standard to evaluate the efficacy of screening.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From 1998 to 2006, 11 new cases were diagnosed as clinical lung cancer. Except of age and exposure to occupational hazards, smoking status (P = 0.0384) and mean smoking dose (P = 0.0078) were significantly associated with lung cancer, and the adjusted odds ratio of high level to the low was 18.21 (2.15 approximately 154.39). The sensitivity, specificity and Youden's index of the sputum imaging cytometry for the experience diagnosis were 27.3%, 83.9% and 11.2% respectively. According to the ROC curve analysis, area under ROC Curve (AUC) of C2.5 (the percentage when the DNA index ranged from 1.25 to 2.50) was 0.647 (0.525 approximately 0.768), with the optimal operating point (OOP) of 1.70%. Sensitivity, specificity, agreement rate, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and Youden's index for predicting lung cancers in high-exposure tin miners were found to be 72.7%, 62.3%, 62.6%, 6.0%, 98.6% and 35.0% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smoking is confirmed as an important risk factor of lung cancer in tin miners. The diagnostic efficiency can be improved if the diagnostic point of C2.5 is adjusted to 1.70%.</p>

Correlation between FDG PET /CT and the expression of glutl and ki-67 antigen in esophageal cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the correlation between standardized uptake valus (SUV) of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) of tumor at PET/CT examination and the expression of glucose transporter-1 (Glutl) and Ki-67 in esophageal cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>56 patients with esophageal cancer were evaluated with 18 F-FDG PET/CT examination before operation. The expression of Glut1 and Ki-67 antigen in the tumor tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry after operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Positive rate of Glutl and Ki-67 expression in esophageal cancer tissues was 100% , respectively. There was a positive correlation between the expression of Glutl and Ki-67 and the clinical stages and differentiation of the tumor. The more the tumor and the clinical stages were advanced and the lower was the tumor differentiation, the more Glutl and Ki-67 were expressed. (2) There were abnormal radioactive high uptake regions on PET/CT imaging of esophagus in the 56 patients, which were confirmed by pathology as the primary carcinoma. The SUV was higher than 2. 5. There was a gradually increasing tendency in SUV along with the lowering of the tumor differentiation and the advance of clinical stages. (3)There was a correlation between the expression of Glutl, Ki-67 and the SUV, the more Glutl and Ki-67 were expressed, the higher the SUV of tumor 18F-FDG at PET/CT examination was in esophageal tumor tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is a widespread expression of Glutl in esophageal cancer tissues, and the SUV may be used to indirectly evaluate the proliferative capacity of esophageal cancer.</p>

Further characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand 11C-PD153035 / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>(11)C-4-N-(3-bromoanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline ((11)C-PD153035) has been reported as a tracer for imaging human tumors that overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However it is still unclear whether (11)C-PD153035 uptake correlates with EGFR expression levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between (11)C-PD153035 accumulation and EGFR expression levels.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Synthesis of (11)C-PD153035 was performed in the Tracerlab FXc system. Accumulation of (11)C-PD153035 by MDA-MB-468, A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells was measured in vitro. There were six tumor-bearing mice in each group. (11)C-PD153035 uptake in tumors was determined by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Tumor/normal muscle tissue (T/NT) analysis in PET images was applied to quantify the PET data. Sixty minutes after PET/CT scanning, the nude mice were sacrificed and the tumors were excised. The (11)C-PD153035 accumulation in different tumors was determined by a gamma counter.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Close correlation existed between the uptake and the level of EGFR expression both in vitro and ex vivo (r(2) = 0.72, P < 0.001; r(2) = 0.63, P = 0.003). When the static T/NT analysis method was applied to analyze the PET data, the observed correlation was again excellent (r(2) = 0.70, P = 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The uptake of PET tracer (11)C-PD153035 closely correlates with the EGFR expression levels in tumor cells. (11)C-PD153035 has the potential to yield useful information for both cancer diagnosis and therapy.</p>

Clinical value of positron emission tomography-CT for the diagnosis of postoperative recurrence and metastasis in the patients with esophageal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical value of the whole-body (18)F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography with computerized tomography (PET-CT) for recurrence and distant metastasis after curative resection of the esophagus cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2003 to June 2004, thirty-one patients with clinical or radiologic suspicion of recurrent disease underwent conventional diagnostic work-up, including a spiral CT scan, and a dedicated whole-body PET-CT. All cases were examined by pathology or followed-up for 6 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 31 cases, recurrences were found in 23 patients, and 43 recurrent lesions were detected, including 14 perianastomotic lesions and 43 regional and distant lesions. For the diagnosis of recurrence, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of PET-CT were 97.7%, 100%, and 85.7%, while those of conventional CT were 77.3%, 61.7%, and 78.6% respectively. The sensitivity of PET-CT was significantly higher than that of conventional CT (100% vs 61.7%; chi (2)=4.161, P=0.041).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The sensitivity of PET-CT is higher than that of conventional CT. PET-CT will play an important role in the diagnosis of postoperative recurrence and metastasis of esophageal cancer.</p>

Assessment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions by DNA image cytometry / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the value of conventional cytology and DNA image cytometry (DNA-ICM) assisted cytology in detection and prognostic assessment of cervical CIN lesions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>87 women were enrolled in this study. Cervical samples were collected employing cervix brushes which were then washed in Sedfix. After preparing single cell suspensions by mechanical procedure, cell monolayers were prepared by cyto-spinning the cells onto microscope slides. Two slides were prepared from each case: one slide was stained by Papanicolou staining for conventional cytology, another was stained by Feulgen-Thionin method for measurements of the amount of DNA in the cell nuclei using an automated DNA imaging cytometer. Biopsies from the cervical lesions were also taken for histopathology and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the total of 20 ASCUS cases called by conventional cytology, no CIN, nor greater lesions were found. Among the 20 cases, 7 cases did not show any cells with DNA amount greater than 5c, while CIN2 lesions were found in 11 of other 13 cases that had some aneuploid cells with DNA amount greater than 5c. Of 30 LSIL cases called by conventional cytology, CIN2 lesions were detected in 3 out of 7 cases that did not contain any aneuploid cells with DNA greater than 5c, but in 22 out of the other 23 cases that contained aneuploid cells with DNA amount greater than > 5c. Of the remaining 7 cases called HSIL by conventional cytology, all case contained aneuploid cells containing DNA greater than 5c. If cytology was used to refer all cases of LSIL and HSIL to colposcopy procedure to detect potential CIN2 or greater lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 58.2%, 84.4%, 86.5% and 54.0%, respectively. If DNA-ICM were used and all cases having 3 or more cells with a DNA amount greater than 5c were assessed to be referred to pathology to detect potential CIN2 or greater lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive were 72.7% , 87.5%, 90.9% and 65.1%, respectively. We also compared Ki67 positive cells in these samples and found that DNA-ICM results were comparable to this biomarker method.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study demonstrated that DNA-ICM approach can be successfully used to detect significant (i.e. CIN2 or greater) lesions, and also provide a prognostic assessment of CIN lesions.</p>